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Friday, 9 September 2022

Quitting single-use plastic in Japan - a report from BBC.com

 

Quitting single-use plastic in Japan
Single-use plastics which cannot be recycled are difficult to avoid in Tokyo (Credit: Charly Triballeau / Getty Images)
Japan is one of the world's biggest plastic waste producers, thanks to its love of packaging - but a week of going plastic-free in Tokyo reveals surprising solutions.
Every Tuesday morning when I take out the garbage, I see clear plastic rubbish bags stuffed with empty PET bottles stacked beside the blue recycling bins. In the ward of Tokyo where I live, the city sets out weekly collection bins for glass, aluminum, and plastic at designated points around the neighbourhood. By 8am, the bins are invariably full, but the volume of plastic bottle waste has been growing faster than municipal governments can effectively keep up with.

Production of plastic bottles in Japan has jumped to a staggering 23.2 billion per year, from 14 billion in 2004. While the country boasts advanced recycling technology, approximately 2.6 billion bottles are incinerated, sent to landfills, or lost to waterways and oceans annually.

Like most Tokyo residents, I'm fastidious about separating my rubbish and always dispose of plastic bottles in recycling bins. But single-use plastics – products primarily derived from fossil fuel-based chemicals which can only be used once – are difficult to avoid in the Japanese capital.

Vending machines selling drinks in plastic bottles line my street. At the three convenience stores located within five-minutes' walk from my apartment, the selection of single-serving, ready-to-eat items – such as bento lunchboxes and pouches filled with comfort foods like kinpira (burdock root and carrots cooked in sweetened soy sauce) – has expanded. At supermarkets, fruits cradled in polystyrene netting, packed into plastic cartons, and then wrapped in cling film are a common sight. In 2014, Japan generated 32.4kg (71lb) of plastic packaging waste per capita – second only to the United States, at 40kg (88lb) per capita.

Excessive plastic packaging is the norm in Tokyo (Credit: Getty Images)

Excessive plastic packaging is the norm in Tokyo (Credit: Getty Images)

Over the past couple of years, I've noticed a proliferation of plastic waste in my home. During the pandemic, my husband and I came to rely on takeout and a cornucopia of tasty, time-saving frozen treats available online – vacuum-packed pizzas, plastic-wrapped burritos, and plastic bags full of potato galettes. One day, I realised that plastics made up around two-thirds of our waste. Alarmed by reports that ocean plastic pollution will quadruple by 2050, I worried that we were headed down the slippery slope of convenience that is contributing to the plastic crisis. To find out how much changing my daily lifestyle habits could reduce waste, I set myself the challenge of cutting out single-use plastic over the course of a week.

The plastics challenge

Even before Japan began charging for plastic bags at retail stores, I'd been choosing reusable bags for shopping. Carrying a water bottle and downloading the MyMizu app, which shows a map of refilling stations around central Tokyo, helped me avoid buying water in PET bottles.

To significantly reduce my plastic waste, I focused on limiting packaging, first by cutting back on lunchtime takeaway, which frequently comes in plastic containers, and refraining from shopping online.

Still, excessive packaging is the norm in Tokyo. Shop clerks commonly wrap glass jars in bubble wrap or place loose vegetables in plastic bags automatically at checkout.

Japan's obsession with packaging has cultural roots related to concepts of "presentation and respect, especially when giving gifts," says Azby Brown, author of Just Enough: Lessons from Japan for Sustainable Living, Architecture, and Design.

The tradition of wrapping objects conveys "the regard you have for the other person." In the modern retail context, packaging indicates good customer service: "Customers expect it," Brown says. "People want to know that the food is protected, not bruised or soiled. The notion of cleanliness is very important here."

Despite my virtuous intentions, I met with setbacks early on, after a beer importer offered to send me some bottles to try (as a food and drinks writer, I often receive such samples). The box arrived filled with plastic packing pillows, each bottle enveloped in a double layer of bubble wrap.

The week of my challenge also coincided with the worst heat wave in Japan since 1875 – five hellish days of temperatures exceeding 35C (95F), with soul-crushing levels of humidity. After two days of cooking in my sweltering kitchen, I caved. Dreading the extra hassle of washing and chopping vegetables every night, I began augmenting dinners with prepared foods from various takeaway shops in my neighbourhood.

Although karaage fried chicken was sold in waxed paper bags and takoyaki squid dumplings came in boat-shaped bamboo trays, vegetable dishes like pressed tofu salad and coleslaw came in individual plastic clamshell packages. Leak-prone items like kimchi, a Korean side dish of preserved vegetables, were wrapped in extra plastic, but even fresh bread and pastries from my local bakery were encased in plastic bags.

"We try to minimise the use of plastics, but consumer demand is high in this humid environment," says chef and sustainability advocate Shinobu Namae, who runs Bricolage Bakery in central Tokyo's Roppongi district. "Weighing food quality versus the problem of plastics is always an issue, but we try to find a balance."

Japan's first zero-waste city Kamikatsu has a recycling rate of 80% (Credit Kazuhiro Nogi / Getty Images)

 

 

 

 

 

Japan's first zero-waste city Kamikatsu has a recycling rate of 80% (Credit Kazuhiro Nogi / Getty Images)

Looking for eco-friendly eateries around town, I discovered a list of takeout restaurants that allow customers to bring their own containers compiled by Mona Neuhaus, the founder of No Plastic Japan. Unfortunately, none were located near me. The same was true of a number of Tokyo shops selling food by weight. I was especially keen to check out Nue, the city's first zero-waste supermarket selling dried foods in bulk and produce without packaging. However, getting there would involve a 52-minute train and bus ride from my home.

Similarly, a trip to one of the Aeon supermarkets in Tokyo with a Loop deposit scheme for reusable containers would take me 38 minutes by train. While these provided great options for the occasional outing, none offered a practical solution for my daily needs. I do almost all of my grocery shopping on foot, within an 800m (2,625ft) radius of my house, so it doesn't make sense for me to travel across the city to buy food.

Instead, I started buying more produce at mom-and-pop yaoya greengrocers in my area, where whole fruits like pineapples and vegetables such as potatoes and cucumbers are pre-measured on trays and sold without packaging. Even at these small vegetable stands, however, plastic containers are still used for many items such as herbs. Instead of purchasing rice from the supermarket, I found a traditional rice shop I'd never noticed before selling by weight in paper bags only 600m (1,968ft) away. Going to different shops took extra time, but I never had to walk more than 20 minutes to each place.

I continued to do the bulk of my shopping at my local supermarket, which has recently started to sell some vegetables without packaging. When cashiers tried to toss my loose bitter melon and eggplants into small plastic bags or attempted to wrap bottles in bubble wrap, I was strict about refusing.

By the end of the week, these measures helped reduce my plastic waste by nearly half – a good result but not as much as I had hoped.

Asia's plastics problem

Formerly a problem limited to wealthy industrialised nations, plastic waste is on the rise across Asia – even among developing countries – due to a confluence of rapid economic and population growth compounded by globalisation.

"It's becoming cheaper to produce single-use plastics, and with globalisation it's easy for countries, for example in Africa and Asia, to import these items. In such places, clean drinking water often comes in plastic bottles and bags," says Kyodo News senior staff reporter Tetsuji Ida, who has been writing about the plastic crisis and other environmental issues for more than 30 years.

In 2019, Asia produced 54% of the world's plastics, led by China and Japan. Roughly half of the plastic waste found in the oceans comes from just five countries: China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Eventually, plastics break down into non-biodegradable microparticles that pose potential threats to wildlife and human health. Plastic pollution affects almost every marine species, and scientists have observed negative effects in almost 90% of assessed species. While the impact on humans is still unknown, microplastics have been detected in blood, placenta, and breast milk.

Once plastic is burned and ends up "in the environment it's very difficult to retrieve," says Melanie Bergman, a marine biologist who researches plastic pollution at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany.

It's becoming cheaper to produce single-use plastics - Tetsuji Ida

Nate Maynard, Taiwan-based producer of the climate podcast "Waste Not Why Not" and former sustainability consultant, points to the lack of waste management systems in many regions as a major obstacle. "When people don't have access to waste disposal, they end up dumping or burning it, and that has health impacts as well as environmental consequences," he says, adding that "the human element" is often overlooked in discussions about the harmful effects of marine debris. Improper waste management results in higher risk of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and asthma.

Chemical contamination, says Bergman, is another hazard: "In many parts of the world they don't have the money to build the kind of incineration plants we use in Germany, so you end up with highly toxic residues that you have to deal with in future generations," she says.

Japan ranks second in the world behind Germany for plastics management. Although the country has been lauded for its plastics' recycling rate of more than 85%, the figure paints a deceptively rosy picture of the situation. According to the Tokyo-based Plastic Waste Management Institute, in 2020, only 21% of plastic waste underwent material recycling, which reuses plastic; 3% underwent chemical recycling, which breaks down plastic polymers into building blocks for secondary materials. 8% was incinerated, while 6% went to landfills. 63% of plastic waste was processed as "thermal recycling," which involves using the plastic as an ingredient for solid fuel and burning it for energy.

"That means that two-thirds of plastic waste is, in fact, incinerated. In Europe, this 'thermal recycling' would be considered energy recovery, not recycling," Ida says, adding that Japan is the largest exporter of plastic waste. "The recycling rate only applies to what remains in Japan."

In 2020, Japan exported 820,000 tonnes of plastic waste to South East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Taiwan – roughly 46% of the total.

Part of the problem, Ida says, is that Japan's strategy for dealing with plastic waste places the lion's share of the burden on consumers and local governments. "The most expensive process of recycling is sorting, which is done manually, and local administrations bear the highest cost. That means the burden is on taxpayers, while companies pay only the cost of recycling – not for collection or internal management," he says.

Moreover, Ida says that government initiatives, such as the recent law requiring businesses to set targets for reducing single-use plastics have "very small teeth." Businesses that fail to comply with the regulations will be "named and shamed but there are no fines or legal consequences," he says. 

Japan exports roughly 46% of its plastic waste to South East Asian countries including Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan (Credit: Mohd Samsul Mohd Said / Getty Images)

Japan exports roughly 46% of its plastic waste to South East Asian countries including Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan (Credit: Mohd Samsul Mohd Said / Getty Images)

In contrast, South Korea has taken firm action to combat an 18.9% increase in plastic waste brought on by lifestyle changes related to the Covid-19 pandemic between 2020 and 2021. Last September, the government pledged to reduce plastic use by 2030 and aims to become a plastic-free society by 2050. This year, the country reinstated a ban on single-use plastic cups at cafes and restaurants. First introduced in 2019, the measures were derailed by the pandemic but will be expanded to include cutlery and straws later this year.

Taiwan takes a similarly progressive approach to plastic waste management. With more than 2,000 recycling companies and government facilities, the country has a robust recycling infrastructure. In 2018, the recycling rate for PET bottles was as high as 95%, and initiatives such as discounts for those who bring their own cups to cafes and restaurants subtly reinforce the reuse-and-recycle mindset.

Recycling, however, is only part of the equation for achieving a more sustainable society. Efforts to reduce waste, Maynard says, are equally important. Taiwan's "pay-as-you-throw" model for waste collection – which introduced a pricing system for rubbish bags of different sizes – has helped curb waste. In 2018, the average Taiwanese person produced 850g (1.9lb) of waste per day, down from 1.2kg per person 15 years ago.

"Because recycling is free but trash costs money, consumers are incentivised to buy things that can be recycled. It's as important as sorting because it brings down waste generation," Maynard says.

Sustainability on a Shoestring

We currently live in a unsustainable world. While the biggest gains in the fight to curb climate change will come from the decisions made by governments and industries, we can all play our part. In Sustainability on a Shoestring, BBC Future explores how each of us can contribute as individuals to reducing carbon emissions by living more sustainably, without breaking the bank.

"In the end, we have to raise our voices," Ida says, describing how civil engagement helped propel the adoption of zero-waste policies in Japanese cities such as Kameoka in Kyoto and Kamikatsu in Tokushima, where the recycling rate is around 80%.

In Kamikatsu, the Zero Waste Academy, a non-profit organisation established to promote the town's 2003 Zero Waste Declaration, worked with manufacturers to develop repurchase programmes for used products and advocated for the local government to stop disposing of waste in landfills or by burning it.

 "Municipal, not national, governments are responsible for waste management, so they are the ones who are most willing to take action," Ida says.

The good news is that public support for cutting down on plastic is growing in Japan. But while personal efforts can make a difference, consumers need to put pressure on industry and local governments to effect a real change. On my next visit to my local supermarket, I heeded Ida's advice to utilise the suggestion box: "Even putting comments in the suggestion box can have an impact if enough people do it," he says. "It's a small step, but it's a start."

The blog song for today is: " Paradise city" by Guns n Roses

TTFN

Tuesday, 6 September 2022

Finding Better Biodegradable Bags - a report from earth911.com

Finding Better Biodegradable Bags

ByGemma Alexander

Sep 6, 2022 biodegradable plastic, Plastic-bags

Once upon a time, plastic was heralded as a miracle material. Cheap, lightweight, infinitely customizable yet virtually indestructible, plastic quickly replaced natural materials in myriad products – especially bags. Today, plastic bags are ubiquitous for shopping and groceries, and even inside other types of packaging. Plastic bags are found on roadsides, in waterways, and deep in the ocean, where they break down into microplastics that end up in our food.

Biodegradable Is Better

We need to move towards a post-plastic world. Unlike other nonbiodegradable materials like metals, plastic is not infinitely recyclable. In fact, it is often not recyclable at all. What we need is a biodegradable alternative. But creating a biobased material that functions like plastic is a technological challenge; creating a feasible production model for bioplastics is another challenge. Making the switch to biodegradable products can also be as complicated for consumers as making the bioplastics is for manufacturers.

Biodegradable Plastic

Plastic as we know it is made from natural gas, and accounts for between 4% and 8% of global oil consumption. But functionally similar materials can be made from polylactic acid (PLA), which is typically made from plant starch. The other main type of bioplastic is made from polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). PHAs are long-chain polyesters produced by microorganisms and plants. Both types of material are called bioplastics. You will also see them referred to as biodegradable plastics and compostable plastics. Despite the name, not all bioplastic products biodegrade naturally or break down in a compost bin. In one study, only one plant-based plastic bag (of four bioplastics tested) broke down quickly in water, and even that kind survived more than a year buried in soil.

Intact compostable bag in a compost bin
Not all compostable or biodegradable plastic bags will break down in a backyard compost bin. Many require industrial composting conditions.

Biodegradable Drawbacks

Many of the desirable qualities of plastic – like being sturdy and waterproof – are opposed to biodegradability. Many bioplastics can only break down in a high-temperature commercial composting facility. Those that are readily biodegradable are not sturdy enough for most products. Easily compostable bags are available, but they need to be stored carefully. They can break down in hot or humid environments before you use them.

Most biodegradable plastic bags still require a commercial composting facility. If your local composting facility accepts biodegradable bags, look for ones with a “BPI certified compostable” label. If you don’t have access to a commercial composting facility that specifically accepts bioplastics, the landfill is usually the best option for disposal.

Bioplastics cannot be placed in with the recycling, even if your community recycles other plastics. Products like compostable plastic bags are a contaminant in recycling because they are chemically different from petroleum-based plastics. There have been some attempts to develop consistent labels that will inform consumers about the best way to dispose of bioplastic products.

Plastic Bags

Bioplastics have mostly been used as an alternative for PET, especially in food packaging like beverage bottles and compostable cutlery. Durables might be a better option for these products. One product category where biodegradability makes the most sense is plastic bags. Even when they are made of a recyclable polymer, plastic bags can’t go in the regular recycling in most communities. A few curbside programs accept bagged plastic bags, but more often, they must be delivered to special collection bins – which are not available everywhere.

Biodegradable Bags

Unfortunately, biodegradable bags are not necessarily more environmentally friendly. As a replacement for shopping bags, biodegradable bags might not eliminate the problem of litter, because many of them don’t break down in the environment. Nor are they a very good substitute for garbage bags; they don’t break down in landfills. But they might break before they reach the landfill, creating litter. Biodegradable pick-up bags for pet waste are only environmentally preferable if your municipal composting facility specifically states that they accept pet waste.

The best use for biodegradable bags is to contain food waste in communities that have a three-bin recycling program that accepts both food and yard waste for industrial-scale composting. Even then, you should confirm that your local composting facility accepts biodegradable plastics before throwing them in the bin.

Biook biodegradable compost bag
BIOOK biodegradable compost bags are certified to be compatible with backyard compost systems. Photo: Amazon

Compost Bags

BioBag is BPI-certified and even OK Compost Home-certified for home composters. EcoSafe bags are also BPI-certified. Besides food waste bags, they also make compostable grocery bags and a compostable alternative to latex gloves for food preparation. Good Housekeeping rated the BPI- and OK Compost Home-certified bags from BIOOK as the best choice for home composters. Full Circle’s biodegradable compost bag can give you lemon-scented compost collection. They also offer a Kraft paper compost bag with a vegetable-based plastic liner that looks a bit nicer than the standard green bioplastic, and may hold up better in storage.

So now everything is more confusing, do we stick to ordinary plastic bags and put them in the recycling bin, it looks like the answer is no. Are compostable bags really compostable or have they just renamed the type of plastic bag? It just seems like a constant merry go round of complete and utter misdirection and bad information.

The answer is, do not use plastic bags of any description at all, take your reusable bags at all times and if necessary keep an old old ancient plastic bag in your handbag at all times!

The blog song for today is: " Subterranean homesick blues" by Bob Dylan.

TTFN


 

 

Monday, 5 September 2022

♻️ Ayúdanos a reciclar mejor! Hoy, Envases ligeros-Ayuntamiento De Ciutadella


 

ajciutadella
⁉️ ¿Dudas a la hora de reciclar? Depositar correctamente los residuos donde toca nos permite ser más eficientes en el tratamiento y evitar que acaben en el vertedero elementos que podrían reciclarse o valorizarse🔵

👇🏼Aquí va un listado que puedes consultar siempre que quieras saber si lo haces correctamente. Y si todavía tienes dudas, siempre puedes consultarnos a nosotros.

♻️ Ayúdanos a reciclar mejor!

Hoy, Envases ligeros

SÍ ✅

Bótiles de plástico
Latas de conserva y bebidas
Tapas y tapones de plástico, metal y chapas
Bandejas de aluminio
Papel film y papel de aluminio
Aerosoles
Botes de desodorante
Bolsas de plástico
Terrinas y tapas de yogur
Brics: de leche, zumos, sopas, etc
Bandejas de corcho blanco
Tubos de pasta de dientes
Cajas de fruta y verdura

NO ❌

Juguetes de plástico
Biberones y chupetes
Utensilios de cocina
Cubos de plástico
Vasos de papel de cafeterías
Papel plastificado usado en carnicerías y pescaderías
Tupperwares
Puedes tipos Pringles
Cápsulas de aluminio de café
Moldes de silicona para cocinar
Termos
Cajas de CD's y DVD's
Bolígrafos
Encendedores
Materiales de plástico de cuadros o fotografías
Envases de los medicamentos

CÓMO⁉️

1️⃣ Consulta la etiqueta del envase para asegurarte de que va al contenedor amarillo

2️⃣ Mira que en el envase no queden restos de comida u otros residuos impropios.

3️⃣ Aplasta bótiles, briks y latas para reducir el espacio que ocupan en el contenedor.

#AyuntamientoDeCiutadella #Ciutadella #Reciclemmejor

Este muy util y mas facil de entendir. ¡Descubrí que al limpiar los contenedores también se atraen menos insectos y no hay olor!

La canción del blog de hoy es: "Don't you (forget about me)" de Simple Minds.


 

ajciutadella
⁉️ Do you doubt when it comes to recycling? Correctly depositing waste where it belongs allows us to be more efficient in treatment and prevent elements that could be recycled or recovered from ending up in the landfill 🔵

👇🏼Here is a list that you can consult whenever you want to know if you do it correctly. And if you still have doubts, you can always ask us.

♻️ Help us recycle better!

Today, light packaging

YES ✅

plastic bottles
Preserves and beverage cans
Plastic, metal and sheet metal caps and plugs
aluminum trays
Cling film and aluminum foil
Aerosol sprays
deodorant bottles
Plastic bags
Yogurt tubs and lids
Bricks: milk, juices, soups, etc.
White cork trays
toothpaste tubes
fruit and vegetable boxes

NO ❌

Plastic toys
Bottles and pacifiers
Cookware
plastic buckets
coffee shop paper cups
Laminated paper used in butcher shops and fishmongers
tupperware
Pringles and similar types of crisp tubes
aluminum coffee capsules
silicone molds for cooking
Thermos
CD and DVD boxes
Pens
Lighters
Plastic materials of paintings or photographs
medicine containers

HOW⁉️

1️⃣ Check the label on the container to make sure it goes in the yellow container

2️⃣ Check that there are no food remains or other improper waste in the container.

3️⃣ Crush bottles, bricks and cans to reduce the space they take up in the container.

#Ciutadella City Council #Ciutadella #Recyclembetter

It is very useful and easier to understand. I have found by cleaning out the containers less insects are attracted also and there is no smell!

The blog song for today is : "Don't you (forget about me)" by Simple Minds.

TTFN